Theoretical geophysics is often categorized by the physical properties being measured and the mathematical models used to interpret them.

: Calculating the expected response (e.g., a magnetic anomaly) from a known subsurface model. This is a well-posed problem with a unique answer.

: Reconstructing the subsurface physical property distribution from measured data. While often non-unique, these are solved using optimization algorithms and regularization techniques (like the Tikhonov curve) to find the most likely model. Practical Applications of Solved Problems

: Using surface measurements to model 2D and 3D subsurface layers.

: Calculating displacements and travel times for waves in various media.