The textbook "" for the 7th grade, authored by A. Ya. Yudovskaya, P. A. Baranov, and L. M. Vanyushkina , is a fundamental educational resource in Russian schools. It covers the critical transition from the Middle Ages to the industrial era, focusing on the birth of modern society. Overview of the Course Content
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: The expansion of world trade, the rise of the "entrepreneurial spirit," and the emergence of manufactories (enterprises based on manual labor and division of tasks). The textbook "" for the 7th grade, authored by A