Used by network operators to monitor and control the overall system, including performance and maintenance tasks. Protocol Stack
Handles the radio link with mobile devices. It includes the Base Transceiver Station (BTS) , which contains the radio transmitters and receivers, and the Base Station Controller (BSC) , which manages radio resources and handovers for multiple BTSs.
A temporary database storing information for subscribers currently roaming in its area. GSM – Architecture, Protocols and Services
Often called the core network, it performs call switching and manages subscriber mobility. Key components include:
Handles authentication, security, and location tracking. Used by network operators to monitor and control
Primarily high-quality digital voice calls and SMS.
Manages call control (CC), Short Message Service (SMS), and supplementary services. Services and Security and the Base Station Controller (BSC)
Verifies user identities and provides security keys for encryption.
