: High-pressure delivery schedules can lead to traffic violations and increased injury rates [27].
The digital transformation has introduced "crowdshipping" or platform-based courier work through apps like Uber Eats, DoorDash, and Deliveroo [5, 10]. This shift has sparked a significant debate regarding employment status: COURIERS
: Many couriers prefer self-employment for its flexibility and the right to refuse tasks [4, 30]. : High-pressure delivery schedules can lead to traffic
As e-commerce continues to skyrocket, the industry is turning toward emerging technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI) , machine learning, and digital twins to improve efficiency [15, 23]. New niches are also appearing, such as lottery couriers who legally fulfill ticket orders for customers via mobile apps, expanding the definition of what a courier can deliver [24]. and Deliveroo [5