Arq May 2026

Higher bandwidth–delay products require larger window sizes (GBN/SR) to maintain high throughput. 5. Hybrid ARQ (HARQ)

The sender can transmit multiple frames (within a window size

Only the specific lost or corrupted frame is retransmitted, rather than the entire window. Pros: Highly efficient utilization of bandwidth.

If the sender does not receive an ACK within a designated time (timeout) or receives a NAK, it retransmits the packet. 3. Types of ARQ Protocols 3.1. Stop-and-Wait ARQ

Low throughput on links with high propagation delay, as the channel remains idle while waiting for ACKs. 3.2. Go-Back-N ARQ (GBN)

The receiver sends an ACK to confirm the successful receipt of a packet.

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