Aristotle: Nicomachean Ethics, Books Ii--iv: Tr... May 2026

: The mean regarding fear and confidence. It is the willingness to face death or pain for a noble end.

Aristotle investigates the conditions under which we are responsible for our actions and details the first two specific virtues. Voluntary vs. Involuntary Action Aristotle: Nicomachean Ethics, Books II--IV: Tr...

: Acts done under compulsion or through ignorance (specifically of particular facts). : The mean regarding fear and confidence

: Intellectual (taught) and Moral (habituated). Aristotle: Nicomachean Ethics, Books II--IV: Tr...

: Virtue is a "mean" state between two vicious extremes: Excess : Having too much of a trait (e.g., Rashness). Deficiency : Having too little of a trait (e.g., Cowardice).